A Study Of Computer Programming - 2109 Words

Joshua Carver Mrs. Galaviz 2/18/15 Senior Paper A Study of Computer Programming Although everyone uses it not many people know how computers and computer programming work. The people who first pioneered the technology are largely left out of our textbooks although they have had such a large impact on how people now live their lives, it is not just the recent advancements either, there have been many leaps forward in as many years. In addition to not knowing who invented these concepts people generally do not know how they work, it is more simple than many people tend to think. The future of computer technology may be a deciding factor in how people live in the future, from quantum computing to artificial intelligence. I believe people should know about computer programming because it has become such a large part of all our lives. Everyone should know about how it came about, how it works, and where it will go in the future. Getting information to the reader on computers and computer programming is the purpose of this essay, so the re is no need to cover what one would need to know, as it will be explained. It is a crime that the people who have worked to create computers, and programming today have little to no place in the current history books. Although there has been the occasional movie such as The Imitation Game for the most part the history of computer programming has been criminally under reported. For some people like Jim Daniels a computer engineer and teacher atShow MoreRelatedComputer Programming In Primary And Secondary Education.1114 Words   |  5 PagesComputer Programming in Primary and Secondary Education Dylan Baiko It is important for students to come out of grade school equipped with skills relevant to today’s society. Therefore, computer programming should be full integrated into school curriculum from kindergarten to grade 12. 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Why Math Is Important For Students - 1868 Words

Math is and has always been my least favorite subject in school. It is a topic that does not come naturally to me and I have always struggled with it. Out of all the subjects, Math is the one I feel very uncomfortable with and my confidence in teaching this topic is pretty much nonexistent. I would go as far as saying that at least 90% of everything and anything that involves Math intimidates me. This is something I frequently worry about, how will my attitude towards Math affect my teaching and my students? One of the things I hope, is that I am not a factor in causing students to not like Math. How can someone who doesn t like Math, make the students love it? I think this will be one of my challenges, as I do not want to be a negative†¦show more content†¦Questions such as What do I know/understand? What steps do I need to solve this problem? A questions using part of the problem and lastly a question to help them check their answers. Communication of mathematical ideas - Students learn the proper terminology associated with Math concepts and demonstrate their understanding in multiple ways (verbally, written, with the use of manipulatives, etc) I would give the students opportunities everyday to practice mathematical concepts verbally and in written form. Students could work on a problem and then go up to the SmartBoard to show what they did using the correct terminology. Mathematical reasoning - observing and identifying patterns and making conclusion based on specific situations/problems. I would regularly work to help students learn how to ask questions when working with reasoning. Teaching them how to create a chart in order to organize the information found in the problem. Application of mathematics to everyday situation - learning how to use and understand everyday situation that involve Math, such as graphs and diagrams. I would implement in my classroom an economy management plan, where students receive a paycheck based on their attendance, pay rent for using their desk, and where they can use their money to buy from our store. Alertness to the reasonableness of results - being aware of results/answers that are not realistic and

Rechnical Report on Delta Steel Company, Ovwian Aladja. Free Essays

string(259) " the points begin to open, rotating the distributor body \(which the points are mounted on\) will change the relationship between the position of the points and the position of the distributor cam, which is on the shaft that is geared to the engine rotation\." CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1. STUDENTS INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES) The objective of the SIWES Unit is to ensure that students in Science and Technology-based disciplines are made to acquire sufficient practical knowledge so that when they get employed on graduation they become immediately productive with little of no further training in their fields of specialization. The SIWES Unit is responsible for the coordination of the Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) in the University. We will write a custom essay sample on Rechnical Report on Delta Steel Company, Ovwian Aladja. or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Unit accomplishes this through the placement of students who are in their penultimate year in the relevant industrial environments for on-the-job training for a minimum of six months. In collaboration with the Industrial Training Fund, the Unit monitors and controls the industrial training programme through the use of industry and institution-based Supervisors. Students, at the end of the training programme, do present reports on their practical experiences at a departmental interactive forum where faculty members jointly access individual student’s performance on the programme as is required by the SIWES curriculum. Currently, six hundred students drawn from seven colleges are participated in the 2009 SIWES programme in various industries and establishments in the country. Students in B. engr degree courses carried out their industrial trainings in various industries along with students from other SIWES – approved institutions. This is done in order not to compromise our national mandate of turning out practically sound mechanical engineering graduates that will eventually assist the country in meeting the demand for sound man power in our various energy sectors. 1. 1 DELTA STEEL COMPANY, OVWIAN ALADJA. BRIEF INTRODUCTION The steel plant at Ovwian/Aladja (Delta Steel Company Ltd), was commissioned in 1982 and produced steel from imported iron ore and local steel scrap. It has a capacity of 1. 08 metric tones annually. DSC comprises of four major plants: * pellet plant * Direct reduction plant * Steel melting section and * Rolling mill The company also comprises of other auxiliary departments such as: – Heavy duty/internal transports department -Instrumentation and control department -Fire and safety department -Environmental control department -Central electrical maintenance department Central mechanical department and so on. I particularly worked in the heavy duty workshop/ internal transport department. The heavy duty workshop(HDW) dates as far back as Delta Steel Company itself. The heavy duty department is responsible for the up keep of both heavy duty and light vehicles, as well as maintenance of the various power plants the company depends on for its immense power suppl y. All vehicle damage is reported to this section for repair, also regular maintenance is carried out on the vehicles to make sure they are in good working condition. . 1. 2ORGANIZATIONAL SETUP The organizational set-up is shown below: [pic] [pic] HEAVY DUTY/ INTERNAL TRANSPORT DEPARTMENT. The heavy duty workshop focuses on repair and maintenance of vehicles (both light and heavy vehicles); they particularly specialize in repair of the companies vehicles. The workshop is divided into sections; the over-hauling section, the auto-electrical section, the vulcanizing section, the welding/fabrication section, the preventive maintenance section. When a vehicle is brought into the workshop, the supervisors take down all complaints before sending the vehicle to the particular section where the repair will be carried. The Heavy duty Department organ gram is shown below: [pic] CHAPTER TWO 2. DETAILS OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING. EXPERIENCE GAINED: At DELTA STEEL COMPANY PLC, i participated in motor vehicle repair and maintenance, although I was made to go through almost all the sections in the heavy duty/ internal transport department. I had the opportunity to be exposed to diesel engines, petrol engines, pneumatic systems. All systems discussed below cover the works i carried out in this organization. 2. 1 Ignition Systems: The purpose of the ignition system is to create a spark that will ignite the fuel-air mixture in the cylinder of an engine. It must do this at exactly the right instant and do it at the rate of up to several thousand times per minute for each cylinder in the engine. Currently, there are three distinct types of ignition systems,   The Mechanical Ignition System, The Electronic Ignition System and  Finally, the Distributorless Ignition System. The distributor is the nerve center of the mechanical ignition system and has two tasks to perform. First, it is responsible for triggering the ignition coil to generate a spark at the precise instant that it is required (which varies depending how fast the engine is turning and how much load it is under). Second, the distributor is responsible for directing that spark to the proper cylinder (which is why it is called a distributor) The ignition switch. There are two separate circuits that go from the ignition switch to the coil. One circuit runs through a resistor in order to step down the voltage about 15% in order to protect the points from premature wear. The other circuit sends full battery voltage to the coil. The only time this circuit is used is during cranking. Since the starter draws a considerable amount of current to crank the engine, additional voltage is needed to power the coil. So when the key is turned to the spring-loaded start position, full battery voltage is used. As soon as the engine is running, the driver releases the key to the run position which directs current through the primary resistor to the coil. On some vehicles, the primary resistor is mounted on the firewall and is easy to replace if it fails. Ignition Coil The ignition coil is the heart of the ignition system. As current flows through the coil a strong magnetic field is built up. When the current is shut off, the collapse of this magnetic field to the secondary windings induces a high voltage which is released through the large center terminal. This voltage is then directed to the spark plugs through the distributor. Ignition Timing The timing is set by loosening a hold-down screw and rotating the body of the distributor. Since the spark is triggered at the exact instant that the points begin to open, rotating the distributor body (which the points are mounted on) will change the relationship between the position of the points and the position of the distributor cam, which is on the shaft that is geared to the engine rotation. You read "Rechnical Report on Delta Steel Company, Ovwian Aladja." in category "Papers" Ignition Wires These cables are designed to handle 20,000 to more than 50,000 volts. The job of the spark plug wires is to get that enormous power to the spark plug without leaking out. Spark plug wires go from the distributor cap to the spark plugs in a very specific order. This is called the â€Å"firing order† and is part of the engine design. Each spark plug must only fire at the end of the compression stroke. Each cylinder has a compression stroke at a different time, so it is important for the individual spark plug wire to be routed to the correct cylinder. For instance, a popular V8 engine firing order is 1, 8, 4, 3, 6, 5, 7, 2. The cylinders are numbered from the front to the rear with cylinder #1 on the front-left of the engine. So the cylinders on the left side of the engine are numbered 1, 3, 5, 7 while the right side are numbered 2, 4, 6, 8. On some engines, the right bank is 1, 2, 3, 4 while the left bank is 5, 6, 7, 8. A repair manual will tell you the correct firing order and cylinder layout for a particular engine. The next thing we need to know is what direction the distributor is rotating in, clockwise or counter-clockwise, and which terminal on the distributor cap that #1 cylinder is located. Once we have this information, we can begin routing the spark plug wires. If the wires are installed incorrectly, the engine may backfire, or at the very least, not run on all cylinders. It is very important that the wires are installed correctly. Spark Plugs The ignition system’s sole reason for being is to service the spark plug. It must provide sufficient voltage to jump the gap at the tip of the spark plug and do it at the exact right time, reliably on the order of thousands of times per minute for each spark plug in the engine. The modern spark plug is designed to last many thousands of miles before it requires replacement. These electrical wonders come in many configurations and heat ranges to work properly in a given engine. The heat range of a spark plug dictates whether it will be hot enough to burn off any residue that collects on the tip, but not so hot that it will cause pre-ignition in the engine. Pre-ignition is caused when a spark plug is so hot, that it begins to glow and ignite the fuel-air mixture prematurely, before the spark. Most spark plugs contain a resistor to suppress radio interference. The gap on a spark plug is also important and must be set before the spark plug is installed in the engine. If the gap is too wide, there may not be enough voltage to jump the gap, causing a misfire. If the gap is too small, the spark may be inadequate to ignite a lean fuel-air mixture, also causing a misfire. The Electronic Ignition System (from 1970’s to today) In the electronic ignition system, the points and condenser were replaced by electronics. On these systems, there were several methods used to replace the points and condenser in order to trigger the coil to fire. One method used a metal wheel with teeth, usually one for each cylinder. This is called an armature or reluctor. A magnetic pickup coil senses when a tooth passes and sends a signal to the control module to fire the coil. Other systems used an electric eye with a shutter wheel to send a signal to the electronics that it was time to trigger the coil to fire. These systems still need to have the initial timing adjusted by rotating the distributor housing. The advantage of this system, aside from the fact that it is maintenance free, is that the control module can handle much higher primary voltage than the mechanical points. Voltage can even be stepped up before sending it to the coil, so the coil can create a much hotter spark, on the order of 50,000 volts instead of 20,000 volts that is common with the mechanical systems. These systems only have a single wire from the ignition switch to the coil since a primary resistor is no longer needed. On some vehicles, this control module was mounted inside the distributor where the points used to be mounted. On other designs, the control module was mounted outside the distributor with external wiring to connect it to the pickup coil. On many General Motors engines, the control module was inside the distributor and the coil was mounted on top of the distributor for a one piece unitized ignition system. GM called it High Energy Ignition or HEI for short. The higher voltage that these systems provided allow the use of a much wider gap on the spark plugs for a longer, fatter spark. This larger spark also allowed a leaner mixture for better fuel economy and still insure a smooth running engine. The early electronic systems had limited or no computing power, so timing still had to be set manually and there was still a centrifugal and vacuum advance built into the distributor. On some of the later systems, the inside of the distributor is empty and all triggering is performed by a sensor that watches a notched wheel connected to either the crankshaft or the camshaft. These devices are called Crankshaft Position Sensor or Camshaft Position Sensor. In these systems, the job of the distributor is solely to distribute the spark to the correct cylinder through the distributor cap and rotor. The computer handles the timing and any timing advance necessary for the smooth running of the engine. The Distributorless Ignition system (from 1980’s to today) Newer automobiles have evolved from a mechanical system (distributor) to a completely solid state electronic system with no moving parts. These systems are completely controlled by the on-board computer. In place of the distributor, there are multiple coils that each serve one or two spark plugs. A typical 6 cylinder engine has 3 coils that are mounted together in a coil â€Å"pack†. A spark plug wire comes out of each side of the individual coil and goes to the appropriate spark plug. The coil fires both spark plugs at the same time. One spark plug fires on the compression stroke igniting the fuel-air mixture to produce power, while the other spark plug fires on the exhaust stroke and does nothing. On some vehicles, there is an individual coil for each cylinder mounted directly on top of the spark plug. This design completely eliminates the high tension spark plug wires for even better reliability. Most of these systems use spark plugs that are designed to last over 100,000 miles, which cuts down on maintenance costs. 2. 2 TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS The transmission is a device that is connected to the back of the engine and sends the power from the engine to the drive wheels. An automobile engine runs at its best at a certain RPM (Revolutions Per Minute) range and it is the transmission’s job to make sure that the power is delivered to the wheels while keeping the engine within that range. Transmission Components : The modern automatic transmission consists of many components and systems that are designed to work together in a symphony of clever mechanical, hydraulic and electrical technology that has evolved over the years into what many mechanically inclined individuals consider to be an art form. The main components that make up an automatic transmission include: †¢Planetary Gear Sets which are the mechanical systems that provide the various forward gear ratios as well as reverse. The Hydraulic System which uses a special transmission fluid sent under pressure by an Oil Pump through the Valve Body to control the Clutches and the Bands in order to control the planetary gear sets. †¢Seals and Gaskets are used to keep the oil where it is supposed to be and prevent it from leaking out. †¢The Torque Converter which acts like a clutch to allow the vehicle to come to a stop in gear while the engine is still running. †¢The Governor and the Modulator or T hrottle Cable that monitor speed and throttle position in order to determine when to shift. On newer vehicles, shift points are controlled by Computer which directs electrical solenoids to shift oil flow to the appropriate component at the right instant. 2. 3 The Cooling System: The cooling system is made up of the passages inside the engine block and heads, a   water pump to circulate the coolant, a thermostat to control the temperature of the coolant, a radiator to cool the coolant, a radiator cap to control the pressure in the system, and some plumbing consisting of interconnecting hoses to transfer the coolant from the engine to the radiator. A cooling system works by sending a liquid coolant through passages in the engine block and heads. As the coolant flows through these passages, it picks up heat from the engine. The heated fluid then makes its way through a rubber hose to the radiator in the front of the car. As it flows through the thin tubes in the radiator, the hot liquid is cooled by the air stream entering the engine compartment from the grill in front of the car. Once the fluid is cooled, it returns to the engine to absorb more heat. The water pump has the job of keeping the fluid moving through this system of plumbing and hidden passages. pic] A thermostat is placed between the engine and the radiator to make sure that the coolant stays above a certain preset temperature. If the coolant temperature falls below this temperature, the thermostat blocks the coolant flow to the radiator, forcing the fluid instead through a bypass directly back to the engine. The coolant will continue to circulate like this until it reaches the design temperature, at which point, the thermostat will open a valve and allow the coolant back through the radiator. In order to prevent the coolant from boiling, the cooling system is designed to be pressurized. Under pressure, the boiling point of the coolant is raised considerably. However, too much pressure will cause hoses and other parts to burst, so a system is needed to relieve pressure if it exceeds a certain point. The job of maintaining the pressure in the cooling system belongs to the radiator cap. The cap is designed to release pressure if it reaches the specified upper limit that the system was designed to handle. Prior to the ’70s, the cap would release this extra pressure to the pavement. Since then, a system was added to capture any released fluid and store it temporarily in a reserve tank. This fluid would then return to the cooling system after the engine cooled down. This is what is called a closed cooling system. Circulation The coolant follows a path that takes it from the water pump, through passages inside the engine block where it collects the heat produced by the cylinders. It then flows up to the cylinder head (or heads in a V type engine) where it collects more heat from the combustion chambers. It then flows out past the thermostat (if the thermostat is opened to allow the fluid to pass), through the upper radiator hose and into the radiator. The coolant flows through the thin flattened tubes that make up the core of the radiator and is cooled by the air flow through the radiator. From there, it flows out of the radiator, through the lower radiator hose and back to the water pump. By this time, the coolant is cooled off and ready to collect more heat from the engine. The Components of a Cooling System †¢ The Radiator †¢ Radiator Cooling Fans †¢ Pressure Cap Reserve Tank †¢ Water Pump †¢ Thermostat †¢ Bypass System †¢ Head Gaskets Intake Manifold Gaskets †¢ Hoses The Radiator The radiator core is usually made of flattened aluminum tubes with aluminum strips that zigzag between the tubes. These fins transfer the heat in the tubes into the air stream to be carried away from the vehicle. On each end of the radiator core is a tank, usually made of plastic that covers the ends of the radiator, Radiator Fans Mounted on the back of the radiator on the side closest to the engine is one or two electric fans inside a housing that is designed to protect fingers and to direct the air flow. These fans are there to keep the air flow going through the radiator while the vehicle is going slow or is stopped with the engine running. Water Pump: The water pump is made up of a housing, usually made of cast iron or cast aluminum and an impeller mounted on a spinning shaft with a pulley attached to the shaft on the outside of the pump body. A seal keeps fluid from leaking out of the pump housing past the spinning shaft. The impeller uses centrifugal force to draw the coolant in from the lower radiator hose and send it under pressure into the engine block. There is a gasket to seal the water pump to the engine block and prevent the flowing coolant from leaking out where the pump is attached to the block.. Thermostat The thermostat is simply a valve that measures the temperature of the coolant and, if it is hot enough, opens to allow the coolant to flow through the radiator. If the coolant is not hot enough, the flow to the radiator is blocked and fluid is directed to a bypass system that allows the coolant to return directly back to the engine. The heart of a thermostat is a sealed copper cup that contains wax and a metal pellet. As the thermostat heats up, the hot wax expands, pushing a piston against spring pressure to open the valve and allow coolant to circulate. Bypass System This is a passage that allows the coolant to bypass the radiator and return directly back to the engine. Some engines use a rubber hose, or a fixed steel tube. In other engines, there is a cast in passage built into the water pump or front housing. Head Gaskets and Intake Manifold Gaskets All internal combustion engines have an engine block and one or two cylinder heads. The mating surfaces where the block and head meet are machined flat or a close, precision fit, but no amount of careful machining will allow them to be completely water tight or be able to hold back combustion gases from escaping past the mating surfaces. In order to seal the block to the heads, we use a head gasket. The head gasket has several things it needs to seal against. The main thing is the combustion pressure on each cylinder. Oil and coolant must easily fl ow between block and head and it is the job of the head gasket to keep these fluids from leaking out or into the combustion chamber, or each other for that matter. A typical head gasket is usually made of soft sheet metal that is stamped with ridges that surround all leak points. When the head is placed on the block, the head gasket is sandwiched between them. Many bolts, called head bolts are screwed in and tightened down causing the head gasket to crush and form a tight seal between the block and head. Head gaskets usually fail if the engine overheats for a sustained period of time causing the cylinder head to warp and release pressure on the head gasket. This is most common on engines with cast aluminum heads, which are now on just about all modern engines. Hoses There are several rubber hoses that make up the plumbing to connect the components of the cooling system. These hoses are designed to withstand the pressure inside the cooling system. Because of this, they are subject to wear and tear and eventually may require replacing as part of routine maintenance. If the rubber is beginning to look dry and cracked, or becomes soft and spongy, or you notice some ballooning at the ends, it is time to replace them. The main radiator hoses are usually molded to a shape that is designed to rout the hose around obstacles without kinking. 2. 4 ENGINES (INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES) PETROL ENGINES: Internal combustion gasoline engines run on a mixture of gasoline and air. The ideal mixture is 14. 7 parts of air to one part of gasoline (by weight. ) Since gas weighs much more than air, we are talking about a whole lot of air and a tiny bit of gas. One part of gas that is completely vaporized into 14. 7 parts of air can produce tremendous power when ignited inside an engine. Air enters the engine through the air cleaner and proceeds to the throttle plate. You control the amount of air that passes through the throttle plate and into the engine with the gas pedal. It is then distributed through a series of passages called the intake manifold, to each cylinder. At some point after the air cleaner, depending on the engine, fuel is added to the air-stream by either a fuel injection system or, in older vehicles, by the carburetor. Once the fuel is vaporized into the air stream, the mixture is drawn into each cylinder as that cylinder begins its intake stroke. When the piston reaches the bottom of the cylinder, the intake valve closes and the piston begins moving up in the cylinder compressing the charge. When the piston reaches the top, the spark plug ignites the fuel-air mixture causing a powerful expansion of the gas, which pushes the piston back down with great force against the crankshaft. Engine Types The majority of engines in motor vehicles today are four-stroke, spark-ignition internal combustion engines. The exceptions like the diesel and rotary engines will not be covered in this article. There are several engine types which are identified by the number of cylinders and the way the cylinders are laid out. Motor vehicles will have from 3 to 12 cylinders which are arranged in the engine block in several configurations. The most popular of them are shown on the left. In-line engines have their cylinders arranged in a row. 3, 4, 5 and 6 cylinder engines commonly use this arrangement. The â€Å"V† arrangement uses two banks of cylinders side-by-side and is commonly used in V-6, V-8, V-10 and V-12 configurations. Flat engines use two opposing banks of cylinders and are less common than the other two designs. They are used in engines from Subaru and Porsche in 4 and 6 cylinder arrangements as well as in the old VW beetles with 4 cylinders. Flat engines are also used in some Ferraris with 12 cylinders Most engine blocks are made of cast iron or cast aluminum.. Each cylinder contains a piston that travels up and down inside the cylinder bore. All the pistons in the engine are connected through individual connecting rods to a common crankshaft. The crankshaft is located below the cylinders on an in-line engine, at the base of the V on a V-type engine and between the cylinder banks on a flat engine. As the pistons move up and down, they turn the crankshaft just like a bicycle riders legs will pump up and down to turn the crank that is connected to the pedals of a bicycle. A cylinder head is bolted to the top of each bank of cylinders to seal the individual cylinders and contain the combustion process that takes place inside the cylinder. Most cylinder heads are made of cast aluminum or cast iron. The cylinder head contains at least one intake valve and one exhaust valve for each cylinder. This allows the air-fuel mixture to enter the cylinder and the burned exhaust gas to exit the cylinder. Engines have at least two valves per cylinder, one intake valve and one exhaust valve. Many newer engines are using multiple intake and exhaust valves per cylinder for increased engine power and efficiency. These engines are sometimes named for the number of valves that they have such as â€Å"24 Valve V6† which indicates a V-6 engine with four valves per cylinder. Modern engine designs can use anywhere from 2 to 5 valves per cylinder. The valves are opened and closed by means of a camshaft. A camshaft is a rotating shaft that has individual lobes for each valve. The lobe is a â€Å"bump† on one side of the shaft that pushes against a valve lifter moving it up and down. When the lobe pushes against the lifter, the lifter in turn pushes the valve open. When the lobe rotates away from the lifter, the valve is closed by a spring that is attached to the valve. A common configuration is to have one camshaft located in the engine block with the lifters connecting to the valves through a series of linkages. The camshaft must be synchronized with the crankshaft so that the camshaft makes one revolution for every two revolutions of the crankshaft. In most engines, this is done by a â€Å"Timing Chain† (similar to a bicycle chain) that connects the camshaft with the crankshaft. Newer engines have the camshaft located in the cylinder head directly over the valves. This design is more efficient but it is more costly to manufacture and requires multiple camshafts on Flat and V-type engines. It also requires much longer timing chains or timing belts which are prone to wear. Some engines have two camshafts on each head, one for the intake valves and one for the exhaust valves. These engines are called Double Overhead Camshaft (D. O. H. C. Engines while the other type is called Single Overhead Camshaft (S. O. H. C. ) Engines. Engines with the camshaft in the block are called Overhead Valve (O. H. V) Engines. How an Engine Works The four strokes are Intake, Compression, Power and Exhaust. The piston travels down on the Intake stroke, up on the Compression stroke, down on the Power stroke and up on the Exhaust stroke. †¢Int ake As the piston starts down on the Intake stroke, the intake valve opens and the fuel-air mixture is drawn into the cylinder (similar to drawing back the plunger on a hypodermic needle to allow fluid to be drawn into the chamber. When the piston reaches the bottom of the intake stroke, the intake valve closes, trapping the air-fuel mixture in the cylinder. †¢Compression The piston moves up and compresses the trapped air fuel mixture that was brought in by the intake stroke. The amount that the mixture is compressed is determined by the compression ratio of the engine. The compression ratio on the average engine is in the range of 8:1 to 10:1. This means that when the piston reaches the top of the cylinder, the air-fuel mixture is squeezed to about one tenth of its original volume. †¢Power The spark plug fires, igniting the compressed air-fuel mixture which produces a powerful expansion of the vapor. The combustion process pushes the piston down the cylinder with great force turning the crankshaft to provide the power to propel the vehicle. Each piston fires at a different time, determined by the engine firing order. By the time the crankshaft completes two revolutions, each cylinder in the engine will have gone through one power stroke. †¢Exhaust With the piston at the bottom of the cylinder, the exhaust valve opens to allow the burned exhaust gas to be expelled to the exhaust system. Since the cylinder contains so much pressure, when the valve opens, the gas is expelled with a violent force (that is why a vehicle without a muffler sounds so loud. ) The piston travels up to the top of the cylinder pushing all the exhaust out before closing the exhaust valve in preparation for starting the four stroke process over again. Oiling System Oil is the life-blood of the engine. Oil is pumped under pressure to all the moving parts of the engine by an oil pump. The oil pump is mounted at the bottom of the engine in the oil pan and is connected by a gear to either the crankshaft or the camshaft. This way, when the engine is turning, the oil pump is pumping. Engine Balance The Flywheel for a four cylinder engine produces a power stroke every half crankshaft revolution, an eight cylinder, every quarter revolution. This means that a V8 will be smother running than a four cylinder engine. To keep the combustion pulses from generating a vibration, a flywheel is attached to the back of the crankshaft. The flywheel is a disk that is about 12 to 15 inches in diameter. On a standard transmission car, the flywheel is a heavy iron disk that doubles as part of the clutch system. The flywheel uses inertia to smooth out the normal engine pulses. DIESEL ENGINES[pic] A diesel engine is an internal combustion engine that uses the heat of compression to initiate ignition to burn the fuel, which is injected into the combustion chamber during the final stage of compression. This is in contrast to a petrol engine (known as a gasoline engine in North America) or gas engine (using a gaseous fuel, not gasoline), which uses the Otto cycle, in which an air-fuel mixture is ignited by a spark plug. The diesel cycle was invented by German engineer Rudolf Diesel and it has the highest thermal efficiency of any regular internal or external combustion engine due to its very high compression ratio. Low-speed diesel engines (as used in ships and other applications where overall engine weight is relatively unimportant) often have a thermal efficiency which exceeds 50 percent. Diesel engines are manufactured in two stroke and four stroke versions. They were originally used as a more efficient replacement for stationary steam engines. The diesel internal combustion engine differs from the gasoline powered Otto cycle by using highly compressed, hot air to ignite the fuel rather than using a spark plug (compression ignition rather than spark ignition). In the true diesel engine, only air is initially introduced into the combustion chamber. The air is then compressed with a compression ratio typically between 15 and 22 resulting into a 40-bar (4. 0  MPa; 580  psi) pressure compared to 8 to 14 bars (0. 80 to 1. 4  MPa) (about 200 psi) in the petrol engine. This high compression heats the air to 550  Ã‚ °C (1,022  Ã‚ °F). At about this moment, fuel is injected directly into the compressed air in the combustion chamber. This may be into a (typically toroidal) void in the top of the piston or a pre-chamber depending upon the design of the engine. The fuel injector ensures that the fuel is broken down into small droplets, and that the fuel is distributed evenly. The heat of the compressed air vaporizes fuel from the surface of the droplets. The vapour is then ignited by the heat from the compressed air in the combustion chamber, the droplets continue to vaporise from their surfaces and burn, getting smaller, until all the fuel in the droplets has been burnt. The start of vaporisation causes a delay period during ignition, and the characteristic diesel knocking sound as the vapor reaches ignition temperature and causes an abrupt increase in pressure above the piston. The rapid expansion of combustion gases then drives the piston downward, supplying power to the crankshaft. Major advantages Diesel engines have several advantages over other internal combustion engines: †¢ They burn less fuel than a petrol engine performing the same work, due to the engine’s higher temperature of combustion and greater expansion ratio. Gasoline engines are typically 25 percent efficient while diesel engines can convert over 30 percent of the fuel energy into mechanical energy. †¢ They have no high-tension electrical ignition system to attend to, resulting in high reliability and easy adaptation to damp environments. The absence of coils, spark plug wires, etc. , also eliminates a source of radio frequency emissions which can interfere with navigation and communication equipment, which is especially important in marine and aircraft applications. †¢ They can deliver much more of their rated power on a continuous basis than a petrol engine. †¢ The life of a diesel engine is generally about twice as long as that of a petrol engine due to the increased strength of parts used, also because diesel fuel has better lubrication properties than petrol. †¢ Diesel fuel is considered safer than petrol in many applications. Although diesel fuel will burn in open air using a wick, it will not explode and does not release a large amount of flammable vapor. The low vapor pressure of diesel is especially advantageous in marine applications, where the accumulation of explosive fuel-air mixtures is a particular hazard. For the same reason, diesel engines are immune to vapor locking. †¢ For any given partial load the fuel efficiency (mass burned per energy produced) of a diesel engine remains nearly constant, as opposed to petrol and turbine engines which use proportionally more fuel with partial power outputs. They generate less waste heat in cooling and exhaust. As with petrol engines, there are two classes of diesel engines in current use: two-stroke and four-stroke. The four-stroke type is the â€Å"classic† version, tracing its lineage back to Rudolf Diesel’s prototype. It is also the most commonly used form, being the preferred power source for many motor vehicles, especially buses and trucks. Much larger engines, such as used for railroad locomotion and marine propulsion, are often two-stroke units, offering a more favourable power-to-weight ratio, as well as better fuel economy. The most powerful engines in the world are two-stroke diesels of mammoth dimensions. Two-stroke diesel operation is similar to that of petrol counterparts, except that fuel is not mixed with air before induction, and the crankcase does not take an active role in the cycle. Normally, the number of cylinders are used in multiples of two, although any number of cylinders can be used as long as the load on the crankshaft is counterbalanced to prevent excessive vibration. The inline-six cylinder design is the most prolific in light to medium-duty engines, though small V8 and larger inline-four displacement engines are also common. Five cylinder diesel engines have also been produced, being a compromise between the smooth running of the six cylinder and the space-efficient dimensions of the four cylinder. CHAPTER THREE 3. 0 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED Below are some of the problems I encountered in the course of my industrial attachment: – initial difficulty in carrying out certain laborious jobs, such as tightening/ loosening of nuts and bolts – lack of technical know how on what to do without close supervision, during the first few weeks of attachment. Restricted relations with staffs, during my first few weeks of attachment, due to unfamiliarity – . initial difficulty in fitting into the workshops practices, and – Initial difficulty in navigating the workshop. 3. 1 CONCLUSION/ RECOMMENDATION Haven fully participated in the Students’ Industrial Work Experience scheme(SIWES) programme, which allowed me to experience and practice first hand, the practical aspects of my chosen field o f study; I wish to make the following recommendations; 1. That the authorities’ in-charge should ensure better welfare for students carrying out the SIWES programme. 2. The Industrial Training Fund officials and university based supervisors should be encouraged to pay more visits to thier students on attachment, so as to cut down cases of students refusing to participate in the training. 3. The various companies students are attached to should ensure better welfare for students attached to their various organizations. 4. The safety of students in the SIWES programme should be uppermost in the minds of managers in the various companies students in this programme are attached. Hence safety gadgets/wears/equipments should be provided for students at places of attachment as this would reduce the risk of accidents. 5. The organizations should ensure that the students attached to their respective firms are properly motivated. 3. 2 REFERENCE – TECHNICAL KNOW HOW: A MANUAL FOR DELTA STEEL COMPANY TRANEES(1989) – WIKIPEDIA – APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS, BY MACKONKEY. (1990) ———————– Figure 1: Organizational Set-up for delta steel company Nigeria Limited Monitoring Unit Rolling mill Board of Directors General Manager Audit Unit Legal Services/Company Secretary Assistant General Manager Purchasing Statistics/Planning S. M. S Administrative/Finance Pellet plant Supporting Staff Preventive maitainance Over hauling workshop Welding/Fabrication vulcanizing Billing Cashier Packing Officer Accountant Cashier I Managing Director Workshop Supervisor Admin. Manager Purchasing/Supply Security Stores Secretary Supply Stores Officer Clerks Auto electrical Figure 3: Organ gram for the heavy duty department. How to cite Rechnical Report on Delta Steel Company, Ovwian Aladja., Papers

Christian Elements In Beowulf Essay Example For Students

Christian Elements In Beowulf Essay The praised epic poem, Beowulf, is the first great heroic poem in English literature. The epic follows a courageous warrior named Beowulf throughout his young, adult life and into his old age. As a young man, Beowulf becomes a legendary hero when he saves the land of the Danes from the hellish creatures, Grendel and his mother. Later, after fifty years pass, Beowulf is an old man and a great king of the Geats. A monstrous dragon soon invades his peaceful kingdom and he defends his people courageously, dying in the process. His body is burned and his ashes are placed in a cave by the sea. By placing his ashes in the seaside cave, people passing by will always remember the legendary hero and king, Beowulf. In this recognized epic, Beowulf, is abound in supernatural elements of pagan associations; however, the poem is the opposite of pagan barbarism. The presentation of the story telling moves fluidly within Christian surroundings as well as pagan ideals. Beowulf was a recited pagan folklore where the people of that time period believed in gods, goddesses, and monsters. Its significance lies in an oral history where people memorized long, dense lines of tedious verse. Later, when a written tradition was introduced they began to write the story down on tablets. The old tale was not first told or invented by the commonly known, Beowulf poet. This is clear from investigations of the folk lore analogues. The manuscript was written by two scribes around AD 1000 in late West Saxon, the literary dialect of that period. It is believed that the scribes who put the old materials together into their present form were Christians and that his poem reflects a Christian tradition. The first scribe copied three prose pieces and the first 1,939 lines of Beowulf while the second scribe copied the rest of Beowulf and Judith. In 1731, a fire swept through the Cottonian Library, damaging many books and scorching the Beowulf codex. In 1786-87, after the manuscript had been deposited in the British Museum the Icelander, Grinur Jonsson Thorkelin, made two transcriptions of the poem for what was to be the first edition, in 1815 Clark, 112-15. Beowulf is a mixture of pagan and Christian attitudes. Heathen practices are mentioned in several places, such as vowing of sacrifices at idol fanes, the observing of omens, the burning of the dead, which was frowned upon by the church. The frequent allusions to the power of fate, the motive of blood revenge, and the praise of worldly glory bear testimony to the ancient background of pagan conceptions and ideals. However, the general tone of the epic and its ethical viewpoint are predominantly Christian . There is no longer a genuine pagan atmosphere. The sentiment has been softened and purified. The virtues of moderation, unselfishness, consideration for others are practiced and appreciated. Beowulf is a Christian reworking of a pagan poem with a string of pagan lays edited by monks; it is the work of a learned but inaccurate Christian antiquarian Clark, 112. The author has fairly exhaulted the fights with Grendel, his mother, and the dragon into a conflict between powers of good and evil. The figure of Grendel, while originally an ordinary Scandinavian troll is conceived as an impersonation of evil and darkness, even an incarnation of the Christian devil. Grendel is a member of the race of Cain, from whom all misshapen and unnatural things were spawned Kermode, 42 such as ogres and elves. He is a creature dwelling in the outer darkness, a giant and cannibal. When he crawls off to die, he is said to join the route of devils in hell. The story of a race of demonic monsters and giants descended from Cain. It came form a tradition established by the apocryphal Book of Enoch and early Jewish and Christian interpretations of Genesis 6:4, There were giants in the earth in those days, and also afterward, when the sons of God had relations with the daughters of men, who bore children to them Holland Crossley, 15. Many of Grendels appellations are unquestionable epithets of Satan such as enemy of mankind, Gods adversary, the devil in hell, and the hell slave. His actions are represented in a manner suggesting the conduct of the evil one, and he dwells with his mother in a mere which conjures visions of hell. Clown EssayThere is real conscious analogy between Beowulf and Christ. There is, for example, the familiar parallel between Hroogars praise of Beowulf, Yes, she may say, whatever, woman brought forth this son among mankind-if she still lives-that the God of Old was kind to her in childbearing Kermode, 45, and the remark of a woman to Christ in Luke 11:27, Blessed is the womb that bore thee, and the breasts that thou hast sucked. Also, this speech occurs shortly after Christ has cast out a demon 11:14-18, while that of Hroogar follows Beowulfs cleansing Heorot of the demonic Grendel. Again, Beowulf goes forth to fight the dragon accompanied by a band of twelve, one of whom is a culprit; during the fight the eleven retainers flee, and one returns. This parallels the picture of Christ shortly before his death attended by the twelve Apostles: the treason of Judas, the flight of the eleven remaining Apostles, and the return of John at the crucifixion. Beowulf and Christ are icons of wisdom and power. Christ is frequently represented by patristic writers as the wisdom and power of God. A Vercelli Homily remarks of his early life that he was filled with might and wisdom before God and before men Tuso, 129, and the poetic Descent into Hell describes him at the Resurrection as brave . . . victorious and wise Tuso, 22. In early medieval iconography, there commonly existed a portrayal of a warlike and victorious Christ with his feet resting on a prostrate lion and dragon which parallels Beowulf and Jesus as heroic figures. Fr. Klaeber wrote, We might feel inclined to recognize features of the Christian Savior in the destroyer of hellish fiends, the warrior brave and gentle, blameless in thought and deed, the king that dies for his people Chickering, 17. Both icons represented power and wisdom of heroes. The scene where Beowulf dives into Grendels dark mere and begins his descent into the watery depths swimming until the ninth hour of the day Kermode, 57. This is almost an unavoidable biblical echo. In Luke 23:44-46, it is the same hour that Christ, abandoned by all but a faithful few, died on the cross. Furthermore, this is where Beowulf dove into Grendel and his mothers dark mere and swam until the ninth hour, reaching the meres bottom, symbolizing the death of Christ and his stay in hell. Beowulf, having lain down his life for the defense of his people and having thanked God for winning the dragons treasure for their use, suggests the figure of Christ. Charles Donahue eloquently wrote, Our poet liked diptychs, and he left his audience with a pair of images, Beowulf at the dragons barrow on one side of the diptych, Jesus on Calvary on the other Poupard, 18. Donahue suggests that both Christ and Beowulf are martyrs for their people. They each gave up their lives to save the people. The champion Beowulf, in life is reminiscent of the champion Christ in various aspects of his wisdom and power. Beowulf in the end is not revealed to be a God-man but man. His death not a supernatural atonement but a natural phenomenon. An analogy of any kind between Beowulf and Christ in itself account for the notorious absence of explicit references in the poem. The epic of Beowulf is wrapped in a history of pagan ideal and Christian surroundings. The poem is woven in Christian allegorical figures which give Beowulf a romantic mystery that many epics lack. Beowulf is a timeless classic that has endured the centuries. All that is left of the epic is the heros fame, a monument as enduring as earth.

Hamlet And Rosencrantz And Guildenstern Are Dead free essay sample

Essay, Research Paper # 8220 ; How has the composer of the modern-day text used the earlier text to state something new? # 8221 ; Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead, written in the sixtiess by dramatist Tom Stoppard, is a transforation of Shakespeare? s Hamlet. Stoppard efficaciously relocates Shakespeare? s drama to the sixtiess by reevaluating and revaluating the subjects and characters of Hamlet and sing nucleus values and attitudes of the 1960s- a clip significantly different to that of Shakespeare. He relies on the audience? s already established cognition of Hamlet and transforms a retaliation calamity into an Absurd play, which shifts the focal point from royalty to common adult male. Within Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead, Stoppard uses a drama within a drama to film over the line that defines world, and in making so creates confusion both onstage- with his characters, and offstage- with the audience. Using these techniques, Stoppard is able do a statement about his society, making a drama that reflected the attitudes and fortunes of the sixtiess, hence doing it more relevant and relatable to t he audiences of that clip. We will write a custom essay sample on Hamlet And Rosencrantz And Guildenstern Are Dead or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The transmutation of a Shakespearian Revenge Tragedy into an Absurd Drama means a considerable alteration in construction from a well-structured and stiff format, into a helter-skelter and amorphous drama. Stoppard intentionally alters the constellation of the drama to make a confusing ambiance, which creates the exact feeling of society in the 1960s- no definites or certainties to trust on. Language portrays significance in both plays- the linguistic communication of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead differs to that of Hamlet. Stoppard employs nonmeaningful conversational exchanges, such as Rosencrantz and Guildenstern? s inquiry game, which strongly contrasts to Shakespearean elaborate and poetic poetry, as seen throughout the drama, particularly in Hamlet? s soliloquies- ? There is particular Providence in the autumn of a sparrow. ? This is thoughtful and philosophical. Stoppard? s usage of linguistic communication farther extends the thought of aimlessness and insignificance. Stoppard brings two comparatively undistinguished characters for Hamlet into focal point in Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead. Common adult male into the? limelight? , as he represented the bulk of society- sixtiess? audiences were interested in characters that they could sympathize with and associate to. By concentrating on Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, Stoppard brings offstage Hamlet onstage. This alteration in orientation gives audiences a new position on Hamlet and a different reading of Shakespeare? s most celebrated drama. The subjects of Man? s ability to take action, every bit good as Destiny and Death in Hamlet, are maintained in Stoppard? s drama, but he brings into the text an consciousness and apprehension of his society, and through these subjects, explores different values that were built-in in the sixtiess. Man? s ability to take action is an single? s willingness to accept duty for his actions and take control of his life. In Hamlet, Shakespeare uses his characters to demo the power a adult male has when he accepts his intent, which was preordained by God. Stoppard revises this Elizabethan value through the portraiture of his characters Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, who refuse to take an active function in the running of their life. He reflects on the differences between the societies, and demonstrates the confusion and conflicting beliefs and attitudes of the sixtiess as shown in Stoppard? s characters that, out of complete confusion do non understand the ultimate world of their conditions and hence do non cognize how to move. Their refusal to move is the cause of their ruin. Stoppard portrays Destiny in the sixtiess, as a higher power that can non be altered, stressing deficiency of will persons had in the sixtiess. The convulsion and shattered beliefs of the clip meant that people felt defenseless and incapable of taking charge- they thrive on external satisfaction to supply way and intent. As Guildenstern inquiries this authorization, ? Who Decides? ? , the Player justly answers him- ? Decides? It is written. ? The rubric chosen by Stoppard besides tells audiences the destiny of these two helpless characters. We are told from the really get downing that these two are destined to decease. It is merely before this decease that they realise that? there must hold been a minute, at the beginning, where we could hold said- ordinal number? However, it is excessively late. Stoppard acknowledges Shakespeare? s belief that the credence of destiny empowers an person, but he chooses to research the effects of declining one? s given purpose- the likely pick in the sixtiess. Death in Hamlet is given significance and value due to Elizabethan society? s strong ties to faith. The uncertainness of the hereafter made the decease cryptic, but besides greatly feared. In Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead, nevertheless, since life is seen as purposeless and directionless, decease is seen as instead insignificant. The value of life after the Second World War was questioned and finally lost. This pettiness was communicated by Stoppard as merely disappearing- characters were no longer stuff or bing. The drama within the drama is besides utilized efficaciously by Stoppard to do a statement about his society. In Hamlet, there is clear differentiation between world and moving but this is non instance in Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead. By befoging the audience? s perceptual experience of what is existent and what is all an act, he introduces the inquiry of whether adult male is merely playing a function. Identities and intents fuzz and one can non state whether a character is echt or moving. This is shown when Guildenstern appears to hold killed the Player. Audiences, every bit good as the character are fooled into believing that the stabbing was existent, but one time once more, we are mistaken. By playing with world, Stoppard casts uncertainty on audience? s opinion, coercing us to oppugn our ain abilities. Stoppard takes advantage of audiences? cognition of Hamlet, when utilizing the secret plan of Shakespeare? s drama as the driving force of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead. An apprehension of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead relies on this footing, to set up a greater consciousness and comprehension of 1960s society. Without this false cognition of Hamlet, one can non truly appreciate Stoppard? s drama, which informs society about their nature and defects. Tom Stoppard is able to do clear statements about the society that has influenced him to make Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead. He basically takes elements of Shakespeare? s Hamlet and transforms them to do a opinion on society. By switching the focal point of his drama to common adult male, he is able to convey values that are relevant to the sixtiess. He develops characters that allow audiences to derive a new position on Shakespeare? s drama and get a more informed perceptual experience of themselves. Stoppard makes a statement about 1960s society? s deficiency of way and pleads viewing audiences to take an active function in bettering their ain state of affairs.

Cohesion Definition and Examples in Chemistry

Cohesion Definition and Examples in Chemistry The word cohesion comes from the Latin word  cohaerere, which means to stick together or stay together. In chemistry, cohesion is a measure of how well molecules stick to each other or group together.  It is caused by the cohesive  attractive force between like molecules. Cohesion is an intrinsic property of a molecule, determined by its shape, structure, and electric charge distribution. When cohesive molecules approach each other, the electrical attraction between portions of each molecule holds them together. Cohesive forces are responsible for surface tension, the resistance of a surface to rupture when under stress or tension. Examples A common example of cohesion is the behavior of water molecules. Each water molecule can form four  hydrogen bonds with neighbor molecules. The strong Coulomb attraction between the molecules draws them together or makes them sticky. Because the water molecules are more strongly attracted to each other than to other molecules, they form droplets on surfaces (e.g., dew drops) and form a dome when filling a container before spilling over the sides. The surface tension produced by cohesion makes it possible for light objects to float on water without sinking (e.g., water striders walking on water). Another cohesive substance is mercury. Mercury atoms are strongly attracted to each other; they bead together on surfaces. Mercury sticks to itself when it flows. Cohesion  vs. Adhesion Cohesion and adhesion are commonly confused terms. While cohesion refers to the attraction between molecules of the same type, adhesion refers to the attraction between two different types of molecules. A combination of cohesion and adhesion is responsible for capillary action, which is what happens when water climbs up the interior of a thin glass tube or the stem of a plant. Cohesion holds the water molecules together, while adhesion helps the water molecules stick to glass or plant tissue. The smaller the diameter of the tube, the higher water can travel up it. Cohesion and adhesion are also responsible for the meniscus of liquids in glasses. The meniscus of water in a glass is highest where the water is in contact with the glass, forming a curve with its low point in the middle. The adhesion between the water and glass molecules is stronger than the cohesion between the water molecules. Mercury, on the other hand, forms a convex meniscus. The curve formed by the liquid is lowest where the metal touches the glass and highest in the middle. Thats because mercury atoms are more attracted to each other by cohesion than they are to glass by adhesion. Because the shape of the meniscus depends partly on adhesion, it will not have the same curvature if the material is changed. The meniscus of water in a glass tube is more curved than it is in a plastic tube. Some types of glass are treated with a wetting agent or surfactant to reduce the amount of adhesion so that capillary action is reduced and also so that a container delivers more water when it is poured out. Wettability or wetting, the capacity for a liquid to spread out on a surface, is another property affected by cohesion and adhesion.

Week #6 Learning Activity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week #6 Learning Activity - Essay Example Allegra gains various benefits from its strategic planning commitment. Specifically, these benefits are the following: (1) Better communication and relationship with franchisers who are attracted to and appreciate Allegra’s Profit Mastery Program; (2) Efficient time management outcomes that reduce error rates; (4) Lower error rates that reduce production costs and increase profits;(5) Higher customer satisfaction because of reduced error rates; and (6) Improved quality management dedication and outlook (â€Å"Chapter 13† 34) inside the company and among franchisers. Many small businesses fail to do strategic planning because of the following reasons: (1) Business owners do not know or apply the process of strategic planning; (2) They do not have time management skills that can help categorize different tasks by urgency and importance (â€Å"Chapter 13† 5); and (3) They have not built the needed relationships and connections with important stakeholders who will help them in the strategic planning process. Buying a franchise decreases the need for strategic planning because the franchisor designs the strategic plan, since the latter owns the franchise. Nevertheless, franchisers should and can still contribute to the strategic planning process by offering ideas/suggestions and informing the franchisor of issues and problems. In addition, being a franchisee changes the strategic planning process because the franchisee has less autonomy and control over the decision-making process. Franchisers are more of participants than the final decision-makers, especially when compared to sole

In Alice Walkers Everyday Use,----------The Seagull Reader Essay

In Alice Walkers Everyday Use,----------The Seagull Reader - Essay Example This story demonstrates that traditional people have the right to preserve their beliefs and practices without interference from modern-thinking individuals, because modernity and traditions are both valuable and no one is superior to another. Traditional people deserve the same respect and tolerance as modern-thinking individuals. Mama decides that the quilt belongs to Maggie, because they represent the African tradition of using quilts for their functional purposes. The quilt represents rural tradition that only Maggie understands and supports. The quilt has never fundamentally changed and has only expanded, as generations passed it from one family to another. Since Mama knows that Maggie will proudly continue this tradition, she asserts to Dee that Maggie deserves these quilts more than her. Dee reasons with her mother that: â€Å"[Maggie is] probably be backward enough to put them to everyday use† (Walker). She looks down on Maggie for being a rural woman with no education and â€Å"breeding.† She believes that by treating this quilt as an artifact, she provides a better use for her heritage. Mama, however, is tired of people belittling rural folk. She knows that the quilt belongs to Maggie, because unli ke Dee, Maggie will use it for everyday use. And that is what their tradition is for- to be lived each day of their lives. Modernity and traditions are both valuable to human identity. Mama and Maggie have not changed their traditional attitudes and lifestyles, while Dee completely chooses to change her identity, because she is ashamed of her rural background. Mama and Maggie live simple, rural lives. Mama milks cows, kills boars, and wears flannel nightgowns to bed and overalls throughout the day. Maggie helps her mother in their everyday farm and house chores. By describing how Mama and Maggie love their work, Walker argues that rural people are also happy and content with their lives. Dee is also pleased as a liberal woman. She is the kind of person, who:

Law of property Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Law of property - Essay Example The unity of interest element requires parties to a joint tenancy to have the same type of interest and equal share in the property5. If the unity of interest requirement negated, this results in severance of the joint tenancy into a tenancy in common6.With regard to the unity of title requirement, this stipulates that the parties’ proprietary interests in the property must derive from the same legal title and at the same time. Commonly this will require evidence through deed or will7. Unity of time can often be problematic and academic discourse has significantly criticised this requirement particularly due to the requirement that property rights must vest in each joint tenant simultaneously8. In applying these principles to the current scenario, Albert used the proceeds of the sale of Sunrise Lodge to purchase Greengables. It is evident that Barbara’s mortgage payments to Sunrise Lodge accounted for 30% of the overall purchase costs and as such, the proceeds of the sale of Sunrise Lodge were held on trust for Barbara under constructive trust9. With regard to Greengables, Albert, Barbara and Charles bought the Property together in 1997 with the conveyance expressed as being in the joint names of all three parties. On this basis, it would appear that at the time of purchase, the four unities requirement for the existence of a joint tenancy have been complied with. Accordingly, at the time of purchase, Albert, Barbara and Charles held the Property as joint tenants in equal shares. However, the legal joint tenancy can be rebutted if the factual reality of the ownership arrangement falls within the equitable presumption of a tenancy in common10. The conditions for the equitable presumption of a tenancy in common were extrapolated in the case of Robertson v Fraser11, where Lord Hatherley highlighted that any

Stalin and the Korean War

Stalin and the Korean War To what extent was Stalin’s policy the principle cause of the Korean War (1950-53)? Introduction The Korean War is often referred to as a battle between communism and capitalism. It succeeded the end of the forty-year Japanese occupation of Korea. When Japan fell during the Second World War, Korea was free, and hoped to finally decide the fate of their own country. In the years following, both radical and nationalist groups became apparent, aiming for independence, however these groups failed to unite in one national movement.[1] The majority of Koreans fought for a unified state.[2] The United States and the Soviet Union, however, had alternative thoughts. The President of the United States, Harry S. Truman, wanted to stop Russia gathering anymore territory[3], therefore the United States countered by encouraging the establishment of democracy.[4] At the Potsdam Conference, in Germany, Korea was divided at the 38th parallel between the North and the South. The thought was that South Korea would be capitalist and North Korea would be communist. The Republic of Korea (ROK) was se t-up in the South and led by Syngman Rhee who was undemocratic and anti-communist but was recognized as the sole legal government of Korea.[5] The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) was set-up in the North and led by communist Kim Il-Sung. There was hope that one day the unification of Korea would commence.[6] The Korean War is one that killed over 2.5 million people.[7] The conditions of the Korean war were inconsistent; Korea is a country with freezing snowy winters and boiling hot summers, which made conflict extremely difficult on both sides. The war began at 4:30 AM on June 25, 1950 and lasted for three straight years, the bipolar weather conditions meant that the soldiers were constantly fighting disease, malnutrition and frostbite.[8] Dean Acheson (1893-1971), the U.S. Secretary of State, once said that â€Å"if the best minds in the world had set out to find us the worst possible location in the world to fight this damnable war, the unanimous choice would have been Korea.†[9] The failure to unite Korea after WWII was an important factor in the beginning of the Korean War. In 1945, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, U.S. President Harry Truman, and, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, gathered in Potsdam, Germany, from July 17 to August 2. It was agreed to temporarily divide Korea and accept joint responsibility for reinstating Japanese forces. They decided upon an essentially arbitrary line which was the 38th Parallel which was to be used as a division between the North and South. The 38th Parallel is a circle of latitude which is 38 degrees north of the equator, it happened to roughly divided Korea in the middle, therefore was chosen to divide the two Koreas. The Role of Stalin When Kim voiced his frustration that his bid for reunification remained heavy on his mind, he reached out to both Joseph Stalin (the leader of the Soviet Union) and Mao Zedong (the chairman of the communist party of China). The definite reason for Stalin giving Kim permission to invade South is uncertain to this day. Either the victory of Communist China, or the Soviets gain of the atomic bomb could have led to Stalin’s decision being made.[10] One of Stalin’s main aims was to avoid conflict with the United States, he did this in many ways, one of which was denying Kim’s strategies for the war. The withdrawal of American troops from South Korea were significant, however, Stalin was under the impression that a harsh military campaign wouldn’t go unanswered, therefore he decided against refutation in the moment[11]. Stalin had promised both cultural and economic aid to North Korea, during a meeting between Stalin, Kim, and representatives from both governmen ts, on March 5, 1949. Regarding military operations across the 38th parallel, Stalin was not yet prepared to support Kim’s political and strategic objectives of reunification.[12] Stalin brought Kim to Moscow to ensure that Korea did not fall under the influence of the new People’s Republic of China (PRC).[13] According to Stalin’s interpreter, in the Spring of 1949, in the course of a meeting between Kim and Stalin, â€Å"Kim complained that ‘†¦the southerners are making trouble all the time. They are violating the border; there are continuous small clashes.’ Stalin became gloomy; ‘What are you talking about? Are you short of arms? We shall give them to you. You must strike the southerners in the teeth.’ After thinking for a while, he repeated, ‘Strike them, strike them.’†[14] This extract from the meeting reinforces the point that Stalin was providing North Korea with weapons and supplies, which demonstrates t hat the Korean War wouldn’t have occurred without the help from Stalin and The Soviet Union. Stalin decided that he needed to bring Korea into the Soviet sphere of influence. The Soviets wanted to expand the sphere of communist influence into Korea, this was because Stalin and the Soviet Union wanted to be surrounded by communist countries as a layer of protection for Russia and so if the threat of invasion or war occurred they would have support around them. Stalin was afraid that Mao was considering opening China to capitalist influence; therefore, he decided that he could not allow North Korea to do the same.[15] Throughout the spring and summer of 1949 that Kim was making significant strides to increase the potency of the KPA (Korean people’s army). Stalin was essentially only interested in how the Korean War would affect his relations with the United States[16]. On September 3rd, 1949, Kim sought permission from Stalin and the Soviet Union to commence military operations against the south.[17] Kim most likely believed that Korea would be next in line for the Asian communist movements; thus in early 1950, Kim renewed his requests for military reunification with Stalin[18]. In January 1950, the first Soviet Ambassador to North Korea, Terentii Shtykov, feared that Kim was looking to move forward toward reunification without approval from Stalin, so he sent a telegram with a forlorn warning: â€Å"Kim Il-sung is constantly nurturing his idea about an attack.†[19] In 1950 Stalin eventually began to support the plans for a war as at this point he was more hopeful about winning. The Communist victory in China and the development of the USSRs first atomic bomb persuaded Stalin to act and help North Korea. The USSR was using the Korean war as a proxy war, a war instigated by a major power which does not itself become involved. The Role of Truman   Ã‚   At the Council of Foreign Ministers Moscow Conference, in December 1945, the USA and the Soviet Union agreed to create a temporary government in Korea that would lead to independence[20]. However, independence was never achieved and the Cold War developed individuals of higher power who became less willing to co-operate. Separate governments emerged on both sides of Korea. Both Kim Il Sung and Syngman Rhee fought the Japanese during the occupation and wanted to end the division of Korea, however they had different ideas for how to do so. The failure of uniting the two Koreas led to the permanent governments of Korea. The USA was also using the Korean War as a proxy war. The Americans enforced the idea of containment, a foreign policy used to contain the spread of communism. The US was fearful that if a united Korea became communist if would lead to a ‘domino effect’ and the spread of communism around the world would occur[21]. Truman feared that the next ‘dominoâ⠂¬â„¢ would be Japan[22]. The possible reaction from Stalin had to be taken into consideration if the U.S. did involve themselves in the Korean War. On a similar note, the Truman administration was concerned of the possible expansion of the Korean War into a larger war taking place over Europe.[23] Nevertheless, it was clear that there was little indication that the United States or even the United Nations could shy from the war.[24] It is thought that the US and UN feared what would happen if North Korea won the war and subsequently Kim Il-Sung came to power, with the support of Stalinist regime and the Soviet Union. President Truman believed if the aggression from North Korea went unnoticed, it would encourage Communist aggression elsewhere.[25] The UN Security Council accepted the abuse of force to aid the South Koreans. This is noteworthy because Russia (formerly the Soviet Union) is one of the permanent seats upon the UN council, however, interestingly, the Soviet Union did not oppose the use of force against North Korea, even though the Soviet Union were responsible for sending troops and supplies into the war. This demonstrates that the Soviet Union were confident in the ability of their troops, so confident that in fact they did not fear the force that would be against them. The Truman administration, however, continued to restrict themselves from sending soldiers because according to their advisors, North Koreans could be stopped by purely both naval and air power. Subsequently, immediately upon hearing this news, the U.S. began utilizing whatever air and naval forces that they could, to help with the war.[26] Following China’s input into the Korean War, General MacArthur landed two divisions 150 miles in the South Korean port of Inchon. Following a seize of communication between them and the US, the North Koreans are reported to have fled North, escaping[27]. â€Å"If we let Korea down,† Truman said, â€Å"the Soviet[s] will keep right on going and swallow up one [place] after another.†[28] General Douglas MacArthur, Chief of staff of the United States Army, believed that only a total victory was an acceptable outcome for the US. President Truman disagreed but MacArthur was adamant.[29] The Role of Mao Unlike America, China decided to take a passive response during the initial stage of the Korean War.[30] The People’s Republic of China, in October 1950, was only one year old. The Beijing regime was already facing difficult tasks of economic reconstruction and regime consolidation.[31] Therefore it was predicted that China would have little to no interference in the Korean War. There is some evidence that suggests that there was an exchange of views between Kim, Mao Zedong and Stalin on the North’s plan of military invasion.[32] However, besides giving Kim moral support, only material support was provided by China at beginning of the war. They sent approximately 14,000 Korean Chinese soldiers who were then serving in the Peoples Liberation Army back to Korea.[33] Mao’s reasons for supporting North Koreas invasion of the South are often debated. Some believe that Mao was an unwilling participant in the war due to the concerns about the effect it would have on China[34]. Mao feared that if he supported North Korea it would have a negative impact on China as it could trigger an invasion from America, due to their aid for the South. Some others further argue that Mao was in some way manipulated or compelled into sending troops to North Korea by Stalin and Kim-Il-Sung.[35] On June 27, President Truman revealed that America was supplying South Korea with air and naval support, which lead to the Chinese leaders reassessing American intentions towards China and redeploy some of its troops to the Northern border.  [36] Mao asked if Stalin would send air support to North Korea and he would send troops. Stalin decided against sending air support. Mao, after a substantial amount of thought, sent Chinese troops into Korea on 19 October 1950, even though he was currently dealing with a difficult military situation himself[37]. This fundamentally changed the relationship between China and the Soviet Union forever. Barely 12 days after the Chinese troops had enrolled in the war, Stalin soon declared that the Soviet Air Force could provide air cover, and aid to China[38], due to North Korean assistance from China. The Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, which was signed in February 1950, mentioned that ‘all-out’ support would be supplied by the Soviet Union if China was entangled in any military conflict with the ‘imperialist countries’.[39] This treaty ensured that if China intervened in the Korean War, there would be less of a threat from an American invasion because of the support from Stalin and the Soviets. The security treaty therefore significantly decreased the possibility of an American invasion. The Communist China Party (CCP) had a Marxist-Leninism ideology that greatly influenced the decisions of senior members, especially Mao[40]. Presumably, it was this ideology that lead them to assist North Korea in the war, because turning the whole of Korea into a communist country would be not only be beneficial to Russia and the Soviet Union, it would also benefit Mao and the CCP. The Role of Kim Il-Sung In September 1948, the North founded the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea (DPRK), founded by Kim Il Sung, recognized as the communist side. Kim Il Sung was the leader of North Korea from 1948-71. Kim was born born to Kim HyÃ… ng-jik and Kang Pan-sÃ… k. They originally bestowed upon him the name of Kim SÃ… ng-ju, however, he later changed his name to Kim Il-Sung. Unsurprisingly, the Kim family, like an abundance of Korean families, were opposed to the Japanese occupation of the Korea, which began on 29 August 1910.[41] Kims parents, especially Kims mother, is said to have played a role in the anti-Japanese struggle that was sweeping the peninsula.[42] This is suggested to be where Kim Il-Sung’s anti-imperialism attitude originates. In October 1926 Kim founded the Down-With-Imperialism Union[43], in order to fight against Japanese imperialism and to promote Marxism-Leninism[44]. As previously mentioned, both Kim Il Sung and Syngman Rhee wanted to reunify Korea on their own terms, however neither side could unify Korea on their own due to lack of strength and supplies. Kim understood that his goals of reunification would require help from another communist’s patron, namely the Soviet Union or China. This suggests that Kim knew he didn’t have the army or the weapons that he needed to begin the war himself, he knew he needed support from elsewhere. With this growth of the North Korean army in mind, Kim renewed his request to unify Korea with Stalin. One likely reason that Kim renewed his efforts at this time was that since June 29, 1949, the American military had withdrawn troops from South Korea.[45] Kim was convinced that the U.S. would not enter the Korean War, or even if they did enter the war, they would not hold sway over the destiny of the war.[46] Kim had little concern if the South had the support of the US as he doubted the impact of their influence. Stalin ultimately contemplated the request from Kim to begin the war for approximately a year, even though he did say ‘no’ several times, he did eventually approve the proposal.[47] Conclusion The role of individuals in the causes of the Korean War are essentially insignificant. Ultimately, the Korean War wouldn’t have occurred without the division of Korea, after the Japanese occupation, decided at the Potsdam conference. But this decision wasn’t made by one person, it was made by the three super powers, Stalin, Churchill and Truman. But then, the war also wouldn’t have occurred if Stalin and the Soviets hadn’t appointed Kim Il-Sung as the leader of the north as he was the one who thought of invading to conquer the south. Mao was influenced by Stalin to participate in the war, therefore China’s input was down to Stalin. Stalin’s influence was powerful as Kim didn’t have the army, weapons or supplies to be at war for 3 years. This proves that it wasn’t just the work of one influence, these put together influenced the beginning of the Korean War. To answer the question of â€Å"to what extent was Stalin’s policy the principle cause of the Korean War (1950-53)?†, Stalin had an obviously large impact on the initiation of the Korean War. It can, however, be concluded that the Korean War was a combination of civil and international conflicts. Bibliography Buzo, A., 2002. The Making of Modern Korea. 1st ed. London: Routledge. Study.com. 2017. United States Involvement in the Korean War: Causes and Effects. [ONLINE] Available at: http://study.com/academy/lesson/the-korean-war-causes-and-effects.html. [Accessed 1 March 2018]. History.com Staff. 2009. Korean War. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.history.com/topics/korean-war. [Accessed 1 March 2018]. Study.com. 2017. United States Involvement in the Korean War: Causes and Effects. 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Kim Il Sung: Biography [I]From Birth to Triumphant Return to Homeland. 1st ed. Japan: Miraisha.Lydia Smith. 2014. Kim Il-sung Death Anniversary: How the North Korea Founder Created a Cult of Personality. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/kim-il-sung-death-anniversary-how-north-korea-founder-became-cult-personality-1455758. [Accessed 21 February 2018].Official webpage of the DPR of Korea. 2011. Songun Politics. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.korea-dpr.com/songun.html. [Accessed 21 February 2018].Korea Institute of Military History, 2000. The Korean War: Volume 1. 1st ed. Lincoln: University of Nebraska.Goncharov, S., Lewis, J., Xue, L., 1993. Uncertain Partners: Stalin, Mao, and the Korean War. 1st ed. United States: Stanford University Press.Ex-Patt Magazine of Foreign Affairs. 2015. The Decision to Invade: Stalin in 1950. [ONLINE] Available at: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1027&context=ex-patt. [Accessed 18 January 2018].Zhou, B. (2015). 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